Linear algebra¶

Five ranked references. Rank 1 is the default spine, not a requirement to read all five.

1 | Introduction to Linear Algebra¶

Gilbert Strang | Primary spine | Undergraduate

Geometric, computational, and applications-oriented; unusually good bridge into engineering, ML, inverse problems, and numerical methods.

Amazon search | No legal full text located

Sheldon Axler | Rigor / second pass | Upper undergraduate

Makes invariant subspaces, operators, eigenstructure, and spectral thinking conceptually clean.

Stephen Boyd, Lieven Vandenberghe | Applied bridge | Undergraduate

Excellent for least squares, modeling, data, estimation, and optimization; directly useful in modern engineering.

Jim Hefferon | Open drill | Undergraduate

Proof-capable first course with extensive worked solutions and computational applications.

Robert A. Beezer | Open reference | Undergraduate

Broad, formal, and exercise-rich; valuable as a second source when one explanation does not click.

Linear Algebra Done Right, 4th ed.: Full open current edition: open
Introduction to Applied Linear Algebra: Vectors, Matrices, and Least Squares: Full legal web/PDF: open
Linear Algebra: Full open text: open